Current regulatory landscape
As of now, no dedicated legal framework exists to govern the use of AVs at airports. Instead, airports relying on AV technology must navigate a patchwork of general safety standards and existing regulations that are not tailored for autonomous systems. For instance, while the European Regulation (EU) No. 139/2014 establishes safety and design rules for aerodromes, it lacks specifics for AVs. Other regulations, like Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426, address autonomous vehicles in the context of public road use, leaving a significant regulatory gap when it comes to airport environments.
This absence of a comprehensive framework complicates the deployment of autonomous technologies, as airport authorities and AV manufacturers are left without clear guidelines for safe and compliant operations. The need for such a framework is becoming increasingly urgent as air travel demand grows. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), passenger numbers are expected to nearly double by 2035, putting even more strain on airport resources and heightening the demand for automated solutions.
Challenges of operating autonomous vehicles in airports
Without dedicated regulation, AV deployment in airports faces multiple challenges. A clear example is TractEasy’s experience in the U.S., where its autonomous tow tractors caught the attention of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). After TractEasy initiated operations, the FAA requested a pause due to the absence of a structured process to assess AVs for airport use. This incident highlights a broader issue: the lack of established protocols for AV evaluation in airport contexts, which can slow deployment and create inconsistencies in safety practices.
Labor shortages and sustainability goals add further pressure. Airports are tasked with finding solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve efficiency. AVs, particularly electric and autonomous tow tractors, offer a promising path forward. However, without legal backing, their deployment remains challenging, as each site must independently navigate safety assessments, operational approvals, and training requirements, adding significant complexity and operational delays.
Service providers' role in bridging the gap
EasyMile's joint venture with Alvest/TLD, TractEasy, sells and deploys autonomous towing solutions, like the EZTow and EZDolly, that are engineered to support a range of airport functions, from baggage handling to cargo transport. Recognizing the need for standardization and safety, the company is actively involved in discussions with industry stakeholders and regulators to advocate for clearer, AV-specific guidelines. This includes participating in industry events and forums, where regulatory bodies can better understand the capabilities and requirements of AVs in airport settings.
Furthermore, TractEasy’s commitment to safety drives its support for certification standards that provide structured protocols for AVs. These standards focus on aspects like emergency protocols, vehicle-pedestrian interaction guidelines, and designated paths, which together contribute to a safer, more coordinated airport environment.
Looking forward: developing a standardized approach
For the widespread adoption of AVs, industry-wide standards are essential. While adapting existing regulations, like Regulation (EU) No. 139/2014, may offer a starting point, specific protocols for autonomous vehicles will be crucial for their successful integration. Key areas for regulation include:
- Certification requirements: Ensuring AVs meet stringent safety and operational standards before deployment.
- Standardized safety protocols: Implementing universal guidelines for emergency stops, data recording, and incident reporting.
- Infrastructure modifications: Updating airport infrastructure to support AV accessibility in designated areas, ensuring smooth integration into airport operations.
By supporting these regulatory developments, airports can foster a safer, more efficient environment for AV use. For instance, establishing clear protocols for vehicle-pedestrian interactions and maintaining coordinated traffic flow within the airport will enhance both safety and operational efficiency.